A research problem serves as the definitive statement concerning an area of concern, a condition requiring improvement, or a difficulty that must be eliminated. Within the local academic landscape—from Senior High School capstone projects to university theses—it represents a troubling question found in scholarly literature, theory, or practice that necessitates a deliberate investigation. While it can be expressed in either declarative or interrogative forms, most local social science and basic education modules prefer posing the problem as one or more specific questions. Often referred to as the heart of research, the problem is the central anchor that researchers aim to resolve throughout their investigation.
Considerations in Constructing a Research Problem
Formulating a problem requires more than just identifying a topic. In the local context, where research is often geared toward community development and social issues, the following standards must be met:
- Avoid Binary Answers: A research problem is not answerable by a simple “yes” or “no.” It must necessitate detailed explanations, justifications, and evidence regarding a specific observation or social situation.
- Variable Relationships: The problem should imply a clear relationship between the variables under study, such as how one local factor influences another.
- Clarity and Precision: To avoid confusion during the defense or peer review, the problem must be stated in a clear, unambiguous manner.
- Data Analysis: A truly researchable problem implies the systematic interpretation and analysis of data rather than just a summary of existing facts.
Characteristics of a Robust Research Problem
To ensure a study contributes meaningfully to the nation’s body of knowledge, a research problem should embody these five key characteristics:
| Characteristic | Description |
| Novel | The problem should address something new, whether it is a unique process, a localized product, or a fresh theoretical principle. |
| Interesting | It must capture the attention of the academic community and stakeholders, ensuring the study remains engaging for the researcher. |
| Practical | With the goal of improving the quality of living, the problem must be useful and beneficial to its specific target population or local community. |
| Innovative | It should seek to improve upon the current state of existing technology or traditional practices. |
| Cost-effective | The study must provide value for money and resources. It should be economical in its use of manpower and time while addressing community needs. |
The SMART Criteria for Evaluation
Whether a student is embarking on a qualitative case study of a local tribe or a quantitative experimental study on indigenous fertilizers, the research problem must adhere to the SMART framework.
Specific
The research problem must be focused and clearly defined. A broad problem leads to a disorganized study; specificity ensures the researcher knows exactly what to investigate within the local setting.
Measurable
The problem should be quantifiable or observable. Researchers must ensure there are available instruments—such as validated surveys, interview protocols, or observation guides—to gather data from respondents.
Attainable
After following valid procedures and methodologies, the problem must be something that can actually be solved or answered. It should not be so complex that the researcher cannot reach a conclusion.
Realistic
Researchers must have the capacity to perform the experimentations or observations required. This includes having access to local laboratories, field sites, and the necessary expertise to interpret the results.
Time-Bound
Local academic calendars, especially in the semester-based system of Senior High School and College, dictate a strict schedule. The research problem must be narrow enough to be completed within the allotted time frame, usually ranging from a single semester to one academic year.
